Spain accelerates its leap into the quantum economy: from the laboratory to the market with the impetus of the CDTI Innovation

Quantum is no longer just an academic frontier: it is becoming an engine of innovation capable of transforming industries, generating new markets and redefining global competitiveness. We are entering the so-called “second quantum revolution,” an era in which these technologies could completely change not only the economy, but also the security, defense, and strategic sovereignty of states. In 2025, the centenary of the first developments in quantum mechanics has been commemorated, recognizing its profound impact on science, technology and the way we understand the world.

These technologies promise disruptive changes on multiple levels. Beyond increased productivity or efficiency, its development has strategic implications: a country’s ability to master quantum will influence its technological autonomy and position in a world where information, security and innovation make a difference. However, it is not only about transforming what already exists: these technologies are called to create new economic segments and to redefine the way in which complex problems are addressed in sectors such as health, energy, defense, among many others.

Quantum is deployed in three large branches, each with different applications and levels of maturity. Quantum sensors, which are already beginning to be commercialized, allow for ultra-sensitive measurements with potential uses in, for example, health, energy and agriculture. Quantum communications evolve rapidly, offering more secure networks and advanced cryptography systems, although they still face technical challenges ahead. Finally, quantum computing, perhaps the most well-known through the media, is still at an early stage: the limits in science and engineering are still a very important challenge, however, its potential to process information at unprecedented scales could revolutionize the way to solve complex problems in finance, chemistry, logistics, etc.

The sectors in which quantum has a more immediate impact are varied and strategic. In health, quantum sensors open the door to more accurate diagnostics and innovative treatments, also facilitating more efficient clinical trials. In energy, they optimize storage and distribution, contributing to more sustainable and resilient networks. In finance, quantum computing could optimize portfolios, accelerate risk analysis, and improve pricing and insurance models. The area of defence will also benefit from dual applications, transforming critical infrastructure security, military intelligence and communications, which will also force states to rethink their strategies in the face of a rapidly evolving technological landscape.

In addition, these technologies could be key to addressing some of the major global challenges posed by the 2030 Agenda. For example, in agriculture, quantum advances could improve fertilizers and optimize crops, contributing to food security (ODS2), as well as reducing carbon emissions associated with ammonia (ODS13). The combination of quantum and artificial intelligence promises more sustainable cities (SDG11) and significant advances in health (SDG3), since quantum sensors could monitor cardiovascular and neurological diseases, major health problems in demographically ageing societies such as Europe. In addition, quantum can improve access to basic resources, such as water, and increase resilience to natural disasters through Earth observation and climate predictions, thus contributing to poverty reduction (SDG1) and environmental protection (SDG14 and 15).

The development of these technologies must go hand in hand with sustainability and responsibility. Therefore, the importance of researching and financing quantum solutions with low energy consumption, using accessible materials and avoiding cycles of exaggerated expectations. Promoting sustainable supply chains and realistic investment is essential for quantum not to get caught up in the media hype, but to translate into tangible and long-lasting applications.

At the same time, quantum is called to integrate with other technologies, creating a hybrid ecosystem where classical computing, AI and 6G connectivity coexist. This convergence will allow us to take advantage of the best of each of them: quantum could accelerate processes and optimize data transmission, while classical capabilities will continue to be essential for the implementation and scalability of quantum technologies.

The quantum gamble from the CDTI Innovation

The development of quantum technologies in Spain is based on a determined public strategy. Since 2019, the CDTI Innovation has approved 27 projects linked to the field of quantum technologies, with a mobilized budget greater than 37 million euros, of which just over 70% corresponds to contributions from the CDTI. In short, public investment is a driving force behind this new technological frontier.

The pace of growth is especially remarkable: more than half of the projects have been approved in 2024 alone, confirming an exponential acceleration of CDTI’s commitment to the Spanish ecosystem of quantum technologies. As for the origin of the funding, 15 projects are co-financed through the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRM), with a mobilisation of more than EUR 30 million; another 9 are supported by CDTI own funds, around EUR 4.5 million; and 3 are co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), with an additional EUR 2.5 million mobilised. Taken together, these figures reflect a combined funding strategy that decisively drives the innovative business fabric.

The typology of instruments also reflects the diversity of the ecosystem that is emerging: 10 grants NEOTEC —focused on startups—, eight Partially Reimbursable Grants, five projects of the Missions Companies Program, two of the Space Technology Plan for SMEs, a grant in the framework of Innovation Ecosystems and an R&D project: Audiovisual and Video Game.

By technological areas, the greatest concentration occurs in the field of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), with 22 projects. They are followed by sectors such as aerospace, security and defense, industry and energy. Territorially, the distribution also offers an interesting X-ray: the Basque Country leads with 8 projects, followed by the Community of Madrid (7), Catalonia (5) and the Valencian Community (3). With less presence, Galicia (2), Canary Islands (1) and Extremadura (1) complete the map. This distribution reflects how the quantum impulse is articulating not only from consolidated poles of innovation, but also throughout the different Autonomous Communities, which begin to position themselves in the ecosystem.

Among the most relevant projects in this field managed by CDTI Innovation, Pre-commercial Public Procurement applied to the development of quantum secure communications technologies stands out, with a tender of 125 million euros. This initiative, within the framework of the Aerospace PERTE, is one of the largest strategic projects, responding to the need to strengthen digital sovereignty and Spanish and European economic security in the face of new cybersecurity threats. The project consists of the development and validation of two satellite payloads to be, in the future, embarked on two missions: one of GEO orbit and another of LEO orbit, for the provision of quantum key distribution (QKD) services from space.

The case of the GEO payload can be considered disruptive on a global scale, being the first of its kind. Its potential includes improving security for critical sectors such as defence, finance, health or critical infrastructure, opening the door to a space segment that would support a national quantum infrastructure, based on terrestrial fibre networks connecting public institutions and infrastructures or research centres, and which in turn would be potentially integrable into the trans-European infrastructure deployed by the EU’s EuroQCI programme. In addition, these public purchases have a capacitive effect for the industry, which results in national autonomy and sovereignty in critical and strategic technologies.

Added to this line, through the SICC Innvierte of the CDTI Innovation, are the co-investments in companies in this field and the growing participation in risk capital vehicles that support this sector. In recent years, it has intensified its participation in startups and scaleups deep tech, focused on quantum computing, supercomputing, integrated photonics, advanced sensoric or next-generation microchips. The co-investment program also extends to adjacent areas such as biotechnology, advanced AI or sustainable mobility, configuring an ecosystem of convergent technologies where quantum acts as a transversal force.

Overall, the CDTI’s commitment to quantum science reflects a country vision: turning knowledge into innovation and building the technological capabilities that will define Spanish competitiveness in the 21st century. The combination of financial support, venture capital, public procurement of innovation and dual vision positions Spain as an actor with ambition and strategic coherence within the emerging global map of the quantum economy.

Five projects at the forefront

• Quantum algorithms for spatial data of the future

Quantum computing is usually associated with theoretical scenarios, but Multiverse, from Basque Country, wants to apply it to the observation of the Earth. Its ADFM-EOM project, developed with Satlantis and Tecnobit, uses tensor networks and quantum compression techniques to optimize the transmission and processing of spatial data, where every second and every megabyte counts. “This initiative could place Spain in a prominent position in the application of quantum technologies and efficient AI, aligning itself with the European agenda of technological sovereignty, they explain from the company.

Tangible benefits: The reduction in the volume of data decreases the energy consumption of the missions and speeds up the response to fires, spills or extreme climatic phenomena. “It strengthens the national value chain in the aerospace sector, generates qualified employment and opens opportunities for transfer to defense, energy and telecommunications,” they emphasize.

Why it matters: Improving spatial data management would allow us to react faster to environmental emergencies, optimize resources and move towards a greener and more competitive space industry.

• Quantum photonics at the service of strategic industries

Integrated photonics and quantum computing are key to transforming strategic industries. Tecnobit – Grupo Oesia’s project in Madrid, in partnership with Zepren Solutions, VLC Photonics and Multiverse Computing, applies quantum simulation, secure communications and advanced photonics to optimize processes in energy, health, defense and high-tech manufacturing. “It seeks to position Spain at the forefront of the European deep tech ecosystem and contributes to the objectives of the PERTE Chip and the Quantum Flagship,” said company officials.

Tangible benefits: “It optimizes production chains, improves energy efficiency, strengthens the security of critical communications and enhances research into customized materials and drugs. It generates qualified employment and promotes the transfer of knowledge between companies, universities and research centers”, they list from Tecnobit.

Why it matters: Applying quantum and photonic technologies allows to reduce energy costs, increase competitiveness and consolidate technological autonomy in strategic sectors.

• Security against quantum threats

Quantum computing generates risks for critical systems and LuxQuanta, in Catalonia, “wants to place Spain at the forefront of quantum cryptography,” the company said. The company seeks to protect critical communications in real time, integrating into data center racks and ensuring that strategic sectors such as finance, energy and defense have state-of-the-art protection.

Tangible benefits: It protects fiber optic links in operation, ensuring data confidentiality and mitigating risks of stealing now, deciphering later. In the medium term, it would allow the deployment of large-scale quantum communication networks, connecting data centers, public administrations and research centers in an inviolable digital infrastructure, strengthening digital confidence and industrial competitiveness.

Why it matters: “Protecting communications today against quantum threats ensures the integrity of critical sectors, attracts investment and consolidates Spanish technological sovereignty,” says LuxQuanta.

• Internet with postquantum shielding

The post-quantum transition poses a critical challenge: how to keep information protected when quantum computers can break down current systems. Internxt Universal Technologies, in the Valencian Community, develops encryption algorithms resistant to quantum computing, integrated with AI to improve threat detection.

Tangible benefits: “It strengthens European digital sovereignty and aligns with the priorities of the Spanish Government in digital resilience,” said company officials. Collaboration with INCIBE, NATO’s global hub for cybersecurity startups, strengthens innovation. In the short term, services like Internxt Meet, Mail and VPN would offer zero-knowledge and post-quantum encryption, democratizing access to secure tools and reducing reliance on large platforms. In the medium term, they would allow us to operate with greater resilience in the face of future quantum threats, generating qualified employment and promoting responsible technological practices.

Why it matters: “Ensuring post-quantum encryption protects personal and strategic data, strengthens European digital autonomy and ensures that privacy remains a right in the quantum era,” they argue.

• Sensors and quantum communications for a safer country

The Quorum project, by Gradiant in Galicia, seeks to consolidate the Spanish quantum ecosystem through collaboration between research centers, universities and companies, developing safe quantum communications and advanced sensorization systems. “This ensures that Spain not only adopts these technologies, but actively participates in their industrialization and industrial transfer”, specifies the company

Tangible benefits: In communications, quantum key distribution (QKD) ensures confidentiality through physical laws, impossible to breach even by quantum computers, protecting defense, public administrations and critical infrastructures. In sensorization, Gradiant “develops systems capable of detecting minimal variations in gravity, acceleration, temperature or electromagnetic fields, with applications ranging from early detection of tumors to high-precision radars and navigation without GPS”, they explain.

Why it matters: Secure sensors and quantum communications protect critical information, lead innovation in strategic sectors and generate benefits for society, the economy and the country’s security.

Global map of investments, patents and talent

The advance of quantum technologies is translated into figures that reflect their enormous potential. Looking ahead to 2035, it is estimated that quantum computing could move between $28 billion and $72 billion; quantum communication, between $11 billion and $15 billion; and quantum sensors, between $7 billion and $10 billion, reaching a total value of about $97 billion. The longer-term projection is even more ambitious: the quantum global market could be around $198 billion (about $171 billion) by 2040, according to McKinsey’s Quantum Technology Monitor 2025 report.

So far, the entire quantum ecosystem has received more than $40 billion in public funding, according to the World Economic Forum. China leads this ranking with about $15 billion, followed by the European Union and its member states, which total almost $11 billion — with Germany and France at the top — and the United States, which is worth $4 billion. These figures show that the commitment to quantum has a marked geostrategic character. Public investments seek not only economic returns, but also to strengthen scientific leadership, national security and the training of highly specialized talent. As an area of high risk and high reward, governments play a key role in driving forward projects that can transform entire sectors.

For its part, the United States leads private investment, concentrating the bulk of capital in large technology corporations. In Europe, the focus is more dispersed and startup-oriented, but they only manage to capture 5% of private funding compared to 50% in the US. US, according to a report from the Real Instituto El Cano and Tecnalia. Globally, more than 90% of private investment in emerging quantum companies are concentrated in four regions: United States, United Kingdom, Canada and the European Union.

Throughout the value chain, capital is directed primarily to hardware, software and services. By 2024, most startups have specialized in the development of equipment, components and application software. Tech giants such as AWS, Google, IBM, or Microsoft dominate the capital-intensive hardware segment, although forecasts, according to McKinsey, suggest that in the next decade, market value will shift to software and services, where financial risk is lower and scaling more viable. This balance between disruptive innovation and risk management opens up space for emerging players to consolidate themselves alongside the big technology companies.

The global quantum ecosystem is made up of a diverse network that includes universities, research centers, government agencies, hardware and software companies, startups and entities providing materials or components. The competitive advantage between countries is also measured by their research capacity and leadership in scientific publications and patents. According to the Nature Index, among the top 10 quantum research institutions are four Chinese, three Americans, one French, one German and one Swiss, reflecting shared leadership between Asia, America and Europe.

In the scientific field, the United States leads in the quality and impact of its publications, while China dominates scientific papers in quantum communication and the Americans are ahead in computing. Europe retains a relevant role in both areas, with a high level of quality in publications, according to MIT’s 2025 Quantum Index.

The number of patent families in quantum technologies has grown steadily in recent years, reaching about 30,000 records between 2017 and 2024 (59% in computing, 27% in distribution of quantum keys, 10% in sensoric and 4% in post-quantum cryptography), according to a report from the European Commission. China takes the lead, followed by the United States and Japan. The EU ranks fourth, albeit with stable growth. A distinctive feature of the European environment is its higher co-patenting rate, reflecting a greater orientation towards international collaboration, this Commission study highlights.

However, this boom coexists with structural challenges that threaten the consolidation of the sector. The shortage of specialized talent can intensify competition between governments, universities and companies, limiting the capacity for sustained innovation. The supply chains of critical materials and components remain vulnerable and subject to geopolitical tensions. Added to this is the complexity of international cooperation, conditioned by factors of security, privacy and the dual nature of these technologies. In fact, some countries already apply protectionist measures and restrictions on the export of strategic equipment, evidencing the constant tension between scientific collaboration versus protection of national interests.

The quantum revolution also poses challenges in cybersecurity and data protection. Future quantum computers could execute algorithms capable of breaking current encryption systems, which makes it urgent to move towards post-quantum cryptography and integrate these solutions into existing infrastructures. States must ensure secure and sustainable access to essential platforms and components, balancing technological sovereignty with participation in an open and competitive global market.

Despite the difficulties, the transformative potential is enormous. These technologies can accelerate the energy transition, improve food safety, optimize transport and communication networks or promote precision and preventive medicine. In the field of cryptography, the early adoption of post-quantum solutions will be crucial to protect sensitive information from possible future threats.

Talent training is one of the essential pillars. The demand for profiles ranges from engineers and high-performance computing experts to professionals in sectors such as finance, logistics or life sciences, where a rapid adoption of these technologies is expected. Universities and companies are expanding their training and research offerings to generate a diverse, skilled and prepared workforce for the technical and strategic challenges of the quantum era. Developing a strong quarry will require long-term vision, international cooperation, and shared standards that drive a global scientific community.

In short, the global quantum ecosystem is moving towards an interconnected and plural network, where public-private cooperation, coordination between countries and strategic investments will be decisive in harnessing its full potential, generating high-value employment and transforming key sectors.

 

Europe and Spain in the quantum race

The European Union has established itself as one of the world leaders in quantum technologies thanks to a set of strategic initiatives. Among the most relevant are the Quantum Technologies Flagship, launched in 2017 with an initial allocation of €1 billion until 2027, the European Quantum Industry Consortium, the Strategic Technologies Platform for Europe (STEP) and the proposal for a future European Quantum Law, aimed at consolidating a European industrial and scientific ecosystem. During the Spanish Presidency of the EU Council in the second half of 2023, Spain promoted the European Declaration on Quantum Technologies, prioritizing coordination between Member States for the development and deployment of quantum technologies.

Key European-level initiatives include the European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI), designed to ensure the protection of sensitive data and critical infrastructure by incorporating quantum technologies into existing communication networks, and the European Joint Undertaking for High Performance Computing (EuroHPC JU), which aims to develop a secure, integrated and state-of-the-art European supercomputing ecosystem. In this context, one of the European quantum computers, the Mare Nostrum, is installed in the National Supercomputing Center of Barcelona, reinforcing the role of Spain in this pan-European infrastructure. Added to these initiatives are financial support programs such as STEP, the European Tech Champions Initiative (ETCI) and the EIC Accelerator, all aimed at boosting quantum industrialization and consolidating Europe’s strategic autonomy and international competitiveness.

Currently, more than 440 companies operate in the quantum field on a global scale, of which 32% are in the EU. In addition, 60% of European companies were created after 2018, reflecting a young ecosystem, according to the European Commission.  European companies tend to be smaller compared to their counterparts in China and the United States, and most private investments come from domestic venture capital in advanced stages, focused on scaling up existing businesses with a cross-border dimension.

By 2040, the European quantum industry is expected to be able to create several thousands of jobs that are highly specialized. The continent is based on a robust training base: every year more than 110,000 students graduate in areas such as physics, information technologies, engineering and related fields, and there are more than 40 master's degrees focused specifically on quantum technologies, according to Quantum Flagship's Strategic Research and Industry Agenda 2030.

Despite this, this training capacity is still not enough to meet the needs of the business fabric and the emerging startup ecosystem. The industry is calling for profiles with very specific competencies—from quantum software engineering to systems integration to applied quantum computing—and professionals capable of moving quantum knowledge to areas such as health, pharmacy, finance, logistics, or cybersecurity.

The report highlights this gap, although other studies indicate that the proliferation of quantum masters worldwide, as well as their inclusion in the national research strategies of many countries, could turn these master's programs —increasingly interdisciplinary— into an effective way of accessing the quantum industry.

Spain is building its own quantum ecosystem, articulated around the Spanish Strategy of Quantum Technologies 2025-2030, which mobilizes 808 million euros from the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan and FEDER funds. The forecast is that, by incorporating European contributions and private capital, this figure may exceed 1.5 billion euros.

In addition to this strategic framework, various public initiatives are already underway. One of the most outstanding is Quantum Spain, considered the first national environment oriented to quantum computing. The project currently has 22 million euros funded by the Recovery Plan and aims to reach 60 million with its participation in European programmes.

Also part of this impulse is the Complementary Quantum Communication Plan, a program that has mobilized more than 75 million and that has been developed jointly between the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and several autonomous communities —Castilla y León, Catalonia, Community of Madrid, Valencian Community, Galicia and Basque Country—, which combines shared governance and cofinancing.

Likewise, the Aerospace PERTE incorporates quantum technologies among the key areas to strengthen the competitiveness of the sector, thus consolidating the country’s commitment to position itself on this new technological frontier.

The autonomous communities are expanding and consolidating the national strategy by boosting their own innovation poles of quantum. Catalonia is moving forward with La Vall de la Quàntica and the Quantum CAT hub; Euskadi has launched the Basque Quantum initiative (BasQ); Galicia develops the Qmio quantum computer; and the Community of Madrid is deploying the MadQCI infrastructure. In turn, Extremadura contributes through the COMPUTAEX center, while Andalusia promotes its quantum ecosystem with the Hercules project. Other regions, such as Aragón, Navarra and La Rioja, are also working to equip themselves with their own quantum capabilities and position themselves in this emerging technological field.

Both Spain and the whole of Europe continue to face insightful challenges in the quantum field: the available infrastructure is still limited, dependence on certain strategic materials persists, the ecosystem remains dispersed, high-volume private financing is scarce and international competition by highly specialized experts is increasingly intense.

Even so, spaces of opportunity are opened up in areas such as photonics, quantum communications, sensoric and advanced metrology, as well as in the development of quantum software and in the integration of these technologies with artificial intelligence.

According to the Spanish Strategy for Quantum Technologies, national priorities include strengthening research and innovation, improving the transfer mechanisms to the productive fabric, activating its own quantum market, promoting the creation of startups, guaranteeing security in a post-quantum scenario and consolidating a cohesive ecosystem that is in tune with European lines of action.

The progress of this project will depend on a balanced combination of public momentum, private capital and specialized talent, indispensable factors for Spain to have a relevant role in the European race for quantum leadership.

 

Towards a quantum economy

Investment in quantum technologies represents a country’s bet, capable of turning knowledge into innovation and generating a tangible social return. In this sense, the CDTI Innovation reinforces its commitment to disruptive innovation, understood as one that transforms markets, creates competitive advantages and contributes to the development of differential technological capabilities. From a national perspective, priority areas include deep tech technologies and high transformative potential sectors such as biotechnology, AI, robotics, industry 5.0, quantum computing and nuclear fusion energy.

The public perception about quantum also plays an essential role in the development of this strategic bet. The first European survey on attitudes towards quantum science and technology, conducted in April 2025 by YouGov in France and Germany, reveals growing enthusiasm. 78% of the adults surveyed know about quantum technology and more than half consider that it can contribute to solving social challenges such as health (53%), energy (47%), cybersecurity (44%) and climate change (41%). In addition, 47% believe that it will have a positive impact on their country in the next five years, while only 4% foresee negative effects. However, only a third of respondents say they have a good understanding of quantum, underscoring the need to strengthen technological literacy and communicate clearly the relevance of these technologies.

These technologies offer important opportunities to contribute to the 2030 Agenda, provided that the risks associated with inequality are also addressed. The growing global quantum gap could widen disparities between developed and emerging countries, between urban and rural areas, as well as deepen the lack of representation of women and minorities in the sector. Therefore, it is essential to promote an inclusive, people-centred quantum that is guided by policies and anticipatory governance that guarantee equity, diversity and responsible access.

Quantum technologies are giving rise to the quantum economy, an emerging industrial and economic ecosystem that will impact multiple critical sectors. Computing, communications, sensorics and quantum materials can generate new business models, more sustainable solutions and answers to hitherto unsolvable problems. Some of these technologies are being deployed, others are advancing at great speed, laying the foundations of the quantum era, which will transform the way industry, research and resource management are approached.

The development of a thriving quantum economy cannot be sustained in isolation: it requires international collaboration, specific trade agreements and a coordinated flow of capital, knowledge and talent between countries. Joint strategic action maximizes the economic, social and scientific impact of these technologies, while ensuring that benefits are equitably distributed and that security, privacy and ethics are respected.

In this context, the CDTI Innovation strategy is aligned with the Strategic Plan 2024-2027, strengthening support for high-impact innovation, financing of deep tech projects and the creation of sustainable, inclusive and competitive ecosystems. The combination of public investment, private capital and specialized talent is the basis for Spain to participate actively in the global quantum race, generating qualified employment, strengthening technological sovereignty and contributing to the sustainable development of society.

 

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CDTI Innovation

The Center for Technological Development and Innovation, CDTI E.P.E. It is the innovation agency of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, whose objective is the promotion of technological innovation in the business environment. The mission of the CDTI is to ensure that the Spanish business fabric generates and transforms scientific and technical knowledge into globally competitive, sustainable and inclusive growth. In 2024, within the framework of a new strategic plan, the CDTI provided more than 2.3 billion euros of support to Spanish companies and startups.

 

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